Everyday Life

Disease and Ailments That Plagued the Medieval Period

The medieval period spanning from the 5th to the 15th century was marked by numerous challenges, including widespread disease outbreaks that had a significant impact on populations.

During this time, medical knowledge was limited, and communities faced a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Let us explore the common diseases of the medieval period, focusing on major outbreaks such as the Black Death and examining the progress made in modern medicine to combat diseases that were once deadly.

The Black Death

The Black Death, one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, swept across Europe in the 14th century, leaving a trail of devastation and death in its wake. The disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, was primarily transmitted by fleas that infested rats, which were prevalent in densely populated areas.

Harbinger of Doom Black Death

The Black Death first emerged in the mid-14th century and quickly spread throughout Europe, resulting in an estimated 25 million deaths, or around 30-60% of the European population at the time. The disease had a profound impact on society, economy, and culture, leaving scars that lasted for generations.

Black Death
The mere thought of the plague terrified people. Here their naivety is shown as they burn Jewish people for ‘carrying the disease’.

The origins of the Black Death are believed to be in Central Asia, where it existed among wild rodent populations. It was likely introduced to Europe through trade routes, reaching the Crimea region in 1346. From there, it rapidly spread through merchant ships and trade networks, reaching Western Europe by 1347. The disease made its way across the continent, affecting cities, towns, and rural areas.

Symptoms and Effects

The Black Death presented in various forms, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Bubonic plague, the most common form, was characterised by swollen and painful lymph nodes, called buboes. Septicemic plague affected the bloodstream, leading to organ failure, while pneumonic plague affected the lungs, causing severe respiratory symptoms. The rapid onset and high mortality rate of the disease caused widespread fear and panic.

Read More: 800 Year old Complete Chain Mail Vest Discovered 

The Black Death had far-reaching consequences on medieval society. The staggering death toll led to labour shortages, economic disruption, and social upheaval. With a significant decline in the workforce, wages increased, and peasants gained more bargaining power. Feudal structures began to crumble, and the feudal system eventually gave way to a more fluid social order.

Responses and Beliefs

Medieval society grappled with the devastation of the Black Death, seeking explanations and remedies. People turned to religion, engaging in acts of piety and penance, while others resorted to extreme measures such as self-flagellation and persecution of religious minorities.

Read More: Armour Was More Than Protection

Medical theories of the time attributed the disease to miasma (bad air) or celestial alignments. Various treatments and preventive measures were employed, including bloodletting, quarantines, and public health regulations.

Aftermath and Long-term Impact

While the immediate impact of the Black Death was devastating, it also brought about significant changes. The population decline led to labour scarcity and higher wages, contributing to the end of serfdom and the rise of the middle class. Innovations in agriculture and technology emerged as a response to labour shortages, ultimately leading to advancements and improved living conditions.

Nuremberg
‘The Dance of Death’. The Black Death was so widespread that many believed it came from hell.

The Black Death was a pivotal event in history, exposing vulnerabilities in medieval society and challenging existing beliefs and institutions. The pandemic highlighted the importance of public health measures, sanitation, and disease prevention. It also emphasised the need for scientific inquiry and advancements in medicine, which would eventually pave the way for future developments in understanding and combating infectious diseases.

Leprosy

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, was a prevalent and feared disease in medieval England. It was a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucous membranes, leading to disfigured skin lesions, nerve damage, and potential disability if left untreated.

Leprosy has a long history and was prevalent in England during the medieval period. The disease carried significant social and religious stigma, and lepers were often marginalised and isolated from society.

Transmission and Symptoms

Leprosy is believed to be transmitted through respiratory droplets, but the exact mode of transmission is not fully understood. It has a long incubation period, often taking years or even decades for symptoms to appear. Early signs of leprosy include pale or discoloured patches of skin, loss of sensation, and thickened nerves.

Read More: 800 Year old Complete Chain Mail Vest Discovered 

As the disease progresses, nodules and skin lesions develop, leading to deformities and loss of body parts.

Leprosy was highly stigmatised in medieval England, and those afflicted with the disease were often ostracised from their communities. Lepers were required to wear distinct clothing, such as a bell or clapper, to warn others of their presence. They were often banished to leper colonies or leprosaria, where they lived in segregated communities.

Treatment and Care

Medieval medicine had limited understanding and resources to effectively treat leprosy. Many believed the disease was incurable and considered it a divine punishment. Some treatments involved herbal remedies, bloodletting, and religious rituals. Leprosaria provided a semblance of care and support, with some attempts made to manage symptoms and improve living conditions.

Leprosy
It wasn’t just common folk who got leprosy. Here a bishop blesses clerics with the disease.

Leprosy had strong associations with religious beliefs and practices. It was often considered a punishment for sin or a test of faith. The story of Lazarus, a biblical figure believed to have been afflicted with leprosy, served as a powerful narrative in religious teachings and influenced perceptions of the disease.

The exact reasons for the decline of leprosy in medieval England are not well-documented. Improved living conditions, changes in social attitudes, and advancements in medical knowledge may have contributed to its decline over time. The introduction of isolation measures, although driven by fear and prejudice, may have inadvertently limited the spread of the disease.

More Medieval Ailments

During the medieval period, various other ailments and illnesses plagued the population due to factors such as poor sanitation, limited medical knowledge, and challenging living conditions. Here are some more of the common medieval ailments.

Smallpox

Smallpox was another significant killer during the medieval period. Caused by the Variola virus, it spread rapidly and had a high mortality rate.

Read More: Moaning about Unfair Pay in the Roman Army

Famous cases include the outbreak in the 10th century, during the Byzantine Empire, which led to the deaths of thousands. Smallpox left survivors with disfiguring scars and often caused blindness. The development of a vaccine by Edward Jenner in the late 18th century marked a turning point in combating this deadly disease.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease that affected medieval populations. It spread through close contact and overcrowded living conditions.

One notable case is the skeletal remains found in a medieval cemetery in England, showing signs of spinal deformities caused by TB. The disease caused significant morbidity and mortality, with symptoms including coughing, weight loss, and fatigue. Today, effective treatments and vaccines have reduced its impact.

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, spread through contaminated food and water. Notable outbreaks occurred throughout history, including an outbreak in the Holy Roman Empire, which affected soldiers and civilians.

Leprosy
A grim reminder from the past. A medieval leper bell.

Symptoms included high fever, gastrointestinal distress, and fatigue. Improved sanitation and antibiotics have reduced its prevalence in modern times.

Syphilis

Syphilis emerged as a significant disease during the late medieval period. It is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

Famous cases include the outbreak among the soldiers during the French invasion of Italy in the late 15th century, which later spread throughout Europe. Syphilis caused severe health issues and led to widespread social panic.

Malaria

Malaria, transmitted by mosquitoes infected with plasmodium parasites, affected medieval populations in regions where the disease was endemic.

Read More: The English Longbow of Legend

Large case numbers include outbreaks in areas with marshlands and stagnant water, such as the Camargue region in France. The introduction of mosquito control measures and antimalarial drugs has significantly reduced its impact today.

Measles

Measles, caused by the measles virus, was a highly contagious and deadly disease during the medieval period.

Read More:  Ancient Beer: Unleash the Yeast 

Famous cases include the outbreak in the 11th century, known as the Great Epidemic, which affected large parts of Europe and caused widespread deaths, particularly among children. Measles presented with symptoms such as high fever, rash, and respiratory distress. The development of vaccines in the 20th century has played a vital role in controlling and preventing measles outbreaks in modern times.

Influenza

Influenza, or the flu, has affected human populations for centuries. Although its impact in the medieval period is difficult to quantify accurately, it remains a global concern today.

Notable outbreaks include the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918, which infected an estimated one-third of the world’s population and caused millions of deaths. The ongoing research and development of vaccines and antiviral medications help prevent severe complications and control influenza outbreaks.

Diseases Today

While many diseases from the Medieval period still exist today, significant advancements in medicine have transformed the outcomes and management of these illnesses. Vaccinations, antibiotics, improved hygiene practices, and better understanding of disease transmission have led to the prevention, control, and treatment of once-deadly diseases.

Plague
It wasn’t just the Middle Ages that brought fear and death. A well known image of a plague doctor from the 17th century.

Additionally, there are several diseases prevalent today that were not prominent during the medieval period. These include HIV/AIDS, which emerged in the 20th century and has had a profound impact globally. Other examples include modern lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, which have become more prevalent due to changes in diet and sedentary lifestyles.

Feeling Better?

The medieval period was marked by numerous diseases that had devastating consequences for populations.

The Black Death, smallpox, tuberculosis, and other illnesses caused widespread mortality and societal disruption. However, through advancements in medical science and public health measures, diseases such as smallpox and leprosy have been eradicated or brought under control.

Read More:  Found: 1,600 Year Old Sword That Belonged to a Roman Soldier

Modern medicine continues to strive towards combating diseases through research, prevention, and treatment. By learning from the past, we can better understand the challenges faced by our ancestors and work towards a healthier future for all. We hope!

207 Comments

  1. Pingback: click to continue
  2. Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve been to this site before but after browsing through some of the post I realized it’s new to me. Nonetheless, I’m definitely glad I found it and I’ll be book-marking and checking back frequently!

  3. I am really loving the theme/design of your website. Do you ever run into any browser compatibility issues? A number of my blog readers have complained about my website not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Safari. Do you have any ideas to help fix this issue?

  4. Throughout the awesome scheme of things you secure an A with regard to hard work. Where exactly you misplaced me personally ended up being in all the facts. As they say, the devil is in the details… And that couldn’t be more correct here. Having said that, let me say to you just what did give good results. The writing is actually incredibly persuasive and that is probably why I am taking the effort to opine. I do not make it a regular habit of doing that. Next, although I can easily see a leaps in logic you come up with, I am not necessarily confident of just how you seem to unite your ideas that help to make the actual conclusion. For the moment I will subscribe to your point but hope in the near future you link your facts much better.

  5. Great post but I was wanting to know if you could write a litte more on this topic? I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Many thanks!

  6. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту сотовых телефонов, смартфонов и мобильных устройств.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт смартфонов
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  7. Appreciating the time and effort you put into your blog and detailed information you provide. It’s great to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same old rehashed material. Excellent read! I’ve bookmarked your site and I’m adding your RSS feeds to my Google account.

  8. Hey there! Someone in my Myspace group shared this site with us so I came to check it out. I’m definitely loving the information. I’m book-marking and will be tweeting this to my followers! Great blog and excellent design.

  9. I’m truly enjoying the design and layout of your website. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more enjoyable for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a designer to create your theme? Great work!

  10. Patients that will benefit from therapy are those with enlarged hearts cardiomegaly and therefore patients with louder heart murmurs should ideally undergo diagnostic imaging in order to determine whether their heart is enlarged priligy cost

  11. Almost all of the things you claim happens to be astonishingly precise and it makes me wonder why I had not looked at this in this light previously. This piece truly did turn the light on for me as far as this subject matter goes. Nonetheless there is 1 point I am not necessarily too comfortable with so whilst I make an effort to reconcile that with the actual main theme of the issue, allow me observe just what the rest of your subscribers have to point out.Well done.

  12. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту радиоуправляемых устройства – квадрокоптеры, дроны, беспилостники в том числе Apple iPad.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт квадрокоптеров в москве
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  13. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем:сервисные центры по ремонту техники в спб
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  14. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем:сервис центры бытовой техники екатеринбург
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  15. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту варочных панелей и индукционных плит.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт индукционных варочных панелей
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  16. We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Your website offered us with valuable info to work on. You’ve done a formidable job and our whole community will be thankful to you.

  17. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту фото техники от зеркальных до цифровых фотоаппаратов.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт фототехники
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  18. Thanks for expressing your ideas. One thing is that learners have a selection between federal student loan plus a private student loan where it can be easier to select student loan debt consolidation loan than in the federal education loan.

  19. Also a thing to mention is that an online business administration training course is designed for students to be able to easily proceed to bachelors degree courses. The 90 credit education meets the other bachelor college degree requirements then when you earn your own associate of arts in BA online, you should have access to the most recent technologies within this field. Some reasons why students are able to get their associate degree in business is because they can be interested in this area and want to get the general education and learning necessary previous to jumping in a bachelor college diploma program. Thanks for the tips you really provide within your blog.

  20. This is the suitable weblog for anyone who desires to search out out about this topic. You notice so much its nearly onerous to argue with you (not that I really would need…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a topic thats been written about for years. Nice stuff, just great!

  21. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем:сервисные центры в новосибирске
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  22. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту стиральных машин с выездом на дом по Москве.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт стиральных машин москва сервис
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  23. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту игровых консолей Sony Playstation, Xbox, PSP Vita с выездом на дом по Москве.
    Мы предлагаем: цены на ремонт игровых консолей
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  24. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту фото техники от зеркальных до цифровых фотоаппаратов.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт проекторов москва
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  25. Oh my goodness! an incredible article dude. Thanks Nonetheless I am experiencing concern with ur rss . Don’t know why Unable to subscribe to it. Is there anybody getting an identical rss problem? Anybody who knows kindly respond. Thnkx

  26. Недавно нашёл отличный интернет-магазин, где можно приобрести раковины и ванны для ванной комнаты. Они предлагают огромный выбор сантехники и аксессуаров, подходящих под любой интерьер и бюджет. Ассортимент действительно впечатляет: различные модели раковин (накладные, встроенные, подвесные) и ванн (акриловые, чугунные, гидромассажные).
    Особенно если вы ищете: купить раковину для ванной, что мне было очень нужно. Цены адекватные, качество товаров на высоте. Плюс, они предлагают профессиональные консультации, быструю доставку и услуги по установке. В общем, если кто-то ищет качественную сантехнику по хорошим ценам, рекомендую обратить внимание на этот магазин.

  27. <a href=”https://remont-kondicionerov-wik.ru”>срочный ремонт кондиционера</a>

  28. I cherished as much as you’ll obtain carried out proper here. The cartoon is attractive, your authored subject matter stylish. however, you command get got an nervousness over that you would like be delivering the following. in poor health certainly come further formerly again as precisely the same nearly very continuously inside of case you protect this increase.

  29. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт бытовой техники в нижнем новгороде
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  30. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту кнаручных часов от советских до швейцарских в Москве.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт часов москва
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  31. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту парогенераторов в Москве.
    Мы предлагаем: мастерские по ремонту парогенераторов
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  32. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт крупногабаритной техники в красноярске
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  33. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем:сервисные центры по ремонту техники в ростове на дону
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  34. Throughout the great design of things you actually receive an A with regard to effort. Exactly where you actually misplaced us ended up being on the details. You know, people say, the devil is in the details… And it couldn’t be more accurate at this point. Having said that, let me say to you just what exactly did work. Your authoring is extremely convincing which is possibly why I am taking the effort to opine. I do not make it a regular habit of doing that. Secondly, although I can certainly see a leaps in logic you come up with, I am not necessarily sure of how you seem to unite the details which in turn make your final result. For now I will, no doubt yield to your issue but hope in the near future you actually link the facts much better.

  35. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту кондиционеров в Москве.
    Мы предлагаем: вызвать мастера по ремонту кондиционеров в москве
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  36. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт бытовой техники в тюмени
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  37. Hi there! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this website? I’m getting fed up of WordPress because I’ve had issues with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be great if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

  38. Hi, Neat post. There is a problem with your site in internet explorer, would test this… IE still is the market leader and a big portion of people will miss your wonderful writing because of this problem.

  39. Thanks for your post. One other thing is the fact individual states have their own personal laws of which affect people, which makes it quite hard for the our lawmakers to come up with a fresh set of guidelines concerning property foreclosure on homeowners. The problem is that a state has own legislation which may work in an undesirable manner with regards to foreclosure insurance plans.

  40. Hiya, I’m really glad I’ve found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish just about gossips and web and this is actually frustrating. A good blog with interesting content, this is what I need. Thanks for keeping this web-site, I will be visiting it. Do you do newsletters? Can not find it.

  41. I think this is one of the most vital info for me. And i’m glad reading your article. But want to remark on few general things, The website style is great, the articles is really nice : D. Good job, cheers

  42. You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this topic to be really something which I think I would never understand. It seems too complicated and extremely broad for me. I am looking forward for your next post, I’ll try to get the hang of it!

  43. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту планшетов в том числе Apple iPad.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт айпада
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  44. Yet another thing I would like to state is that rather than trying to suit all your online degree programs on times that you finish work (considering that people are tired when they get back), try to obtain most of your instructional classes on the week-ends and only one or two courses for weekdays, even if it means taking some time off your weekend break. This is really good because on the week-ends, you will be extra rested and concentrated with school work. Thanks a lot for the different recommendations I have acquired from your site.

  45. Hi, I think your website might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your blog in Ie, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, awesome blog!

  46. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту посудомоечных машин с выездом на дом в Москве.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт посудомоечных машин в москве недорого
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  47. Thanks for your post. What I want to point out is that while looking for a good internet electronics retail outlet, look for a web site with full information on critical indicators such as the security statement, protection details, any payment methods, and various terms along with policies. Always take time to look into the help as well as FAQ areas to get a greater idea of the way the shop performs, what they can do for you, and ways in which you can use the features.

  48. This design is wicked! You obviously know how to keep a reader entertained. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Excellent job. I really enjoyed what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool!

  49. It is appropriate time to make a few plans for the longer term and it is time to be happy. I have learn this publish and if I could I wish to recommend you some interesting issues or advice. Maybe you could write next articles referring to this article. I desire to learn even more things approximately it!

  50. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт бытовой техники в волгограде
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  51. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт крупногабаритной техники в воронеже
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  52. I like this post, enjoyed this one thank you for posting. “The goal of revival is conformity to the image of Christ, not imitation of animals.” by Richard F. Lovelace.

  53. 벼룩시장 신문그대로보기 (구인구직, 부동산) 벼룩시장 신문그대로보기 바로가기 그리고 지역별 벼룩시장 종이신문그대로보기 방법 (구인구직, 부동산) 알아볼게요. 교차로신문 같이 벼룩시장은 지역별 일자리, 구인구직, 부동산 등 다양한 정보를 제공해요. 교차로신문그대로보기 바로가기는 아래에서 확인하고, 오늘은 벼룩시장 신문그대로보기 바로가기 그리고 사용법 섹스카지노사이트

  54. Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive read anything like this before. So good to seek out someone with some unique ideas on this subject. realy thank you for beginning this up. this web site is something that’s needed on the web, someone with a bit of originality. helpful job for bringing one thing new to the internet!

  55. Начните массовую индексацию ссылок в Google прямо cейчас!
    Быстрая индексация ссылок имеет ключевое значение для успеха вашего онлайн-бизнеса. Чем быстрее поисковые системы обнаружат и проиндексируют ваши ссылки, тем быстрее вы сможете привлечь новую аудиторию и повысить позиции вашего сайта в результатах поиска.
    Не теряйте времени! Начните пользоваться нашим сервисом для ускоренной индексации внешних ссылок в Google и Yandex. Зарегистрируйтесь сегодня и получите первые результаты уже завтра. Ваш успех в ваших руках!

  56. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: сервис центры бытовой техники челябинск
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  57. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: сервис центры бытовой техники барнаул
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  58. Входные металлические двери с завода с установкой за 1 день.
    Любые конфигурации замков на выбор. Более 3500 моделей на складе: тут

  59. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем: сервисные центры по ремонту техники в перми
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  60. Pingback: Konya Seo Uzmanı
  61. Входные металлические двери от производителя на заказ.
    Любые конфигурации отделок на выбор. Более 3500 моделей на складе: тут

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *